Portal hypertensionThe portal vein and its tributariesSymptomsAscitesCausesSplenic vein thrombosis, stenosis of portal veinUltrasonographyTreatmentPortosystemic shunts, Nonselective beta-blockersPortal hypertension is (high blood pressure) in the – made up of the and its branches, that drain from most of the intestine to the. Portal hypertension is defined as a. (a form of chronic liver failure) is the most common cause of portal hypertension; other, less frequent causes are therefore grouped as non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. When it becomes severe enough to cause symptoms or complications, treatment may be given to decrease portal hypertension itself or to manage its complications. (free fluid in the ),.

Pengobatan Hipertensi Portal Asites, Asites dapat diatasi dengan retriksi cairan serta diet rendah natrium (0,5 mmol/kgbb/hari), 10%-20% asites memberikan respon baik dengan terapi diet.Bila usaha ini tidak berhasil dapat diberikan diuretik yaitu antagonis.

Abdominal pain or tenderness (when bacteria infect the ascites, as in ). Increased spleen size , which may lead to lower platelet counts. ((citation needed. Swollen veins on the anterior abdominal wall (sometimes referred to as )In addition, a widened (dilated) portal vein as seen on a or may raise the suspicion about portal hypertension. A of 13 mm is widely used in this regard, but the diameter is often larger than this is in normal individuals as well. Causes The causes for portal hypertension are classified as originating in the portal venous system before it reaches the liver ( prehepatic causes), within the liver ( intrahepatic) or between the liver and the heart (post-hepatic).

The most common cause is cirrhosis (chronic liver failure). Other causes include: Prehepatic causes. thrombosis. (increased portal blood flow)Hepatic causes. of any. For example:. Fibrosis of.

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Granulomatous or infiltrative liver diseases (Gaucher, mucopolysaccharidosis, sarcoidosis, lymphoproliferative malignancies, amyloid deposition.). Toxicity (from arsenic, copper, vinyl chloride monomers, mineral oil, vitamin A, azathioprine, dacarbazine, methotrexate, amiodarone etc.). Viral hepatitis.

Veno-occlusive diseasePosthepatic causes. Inferior vena cava obstruction., e.g. From.

also known as hepatic vein thrombosisPathophysiology. Portal hypertension due to cirrhosis resulting in revascularization of the umbilical vein(US) is the first-line imaging technique for the diagnosis and follow-up of portal hypertension because it is non-invasive, low-cost and can be performed on-site.A dilated portal vein (diameter of greater than 13 or 15 mm) is a sign of portal hypertension, with a estimated at 12.5% or 40%. On, a slow velocity of.

Fluoroscopic image of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)Selective shunts select non-intestinal flow to be shunted to the systemic venous drainage while leaving the intestinal venous drainage to continue to pass through the liver. The most well known of this type is the splenorenal. This connects the splenic vein to the left renal vein thus reducing portal system pressure while minimizing any encephalopathy. In an H-shunt, which could be mesocaval (from the superior mesenteric vein to the inferior vena cava) or could be, portocaval (from the to the inferior ) a graft, either synthetic or the preferred vein harvested from elsewhere on the patient's body, is connected between the superior and the inferior vena cava. The size of this shunt will determine how selective it is.With the advent of, portosystemic shunts are less performed. TIPS has the advantage of being easier to perform and doesn't disrupt the liver's vascularity. Prevention of bleeding Both pharmacological (non-specific β-blockers, nitrate isosorbide mononitrate, vasopressin such as ) and endoscopic (banding ligation) treatment have similar results.

TIPS is effective at reducing the rate of rebleeding.The management of active variceal bleeding includes administering vasoactive drugs (somatostatin, octreotide), endoscopic banding ligation, balloon tamponade and TIPS. Ascites The management of needs to be gradual to avoid sudden changes in systemic volume status which can precipitate, and death. The management includes, ,.

Hepatic encephalopathy A treatment plan may involve, and use of antibiotics such as, and the. Restriction of dietary protein was recommended but this is now refuted by a clinical trial which shows no benefit. Instead, the maintenance of adequate nutrition is now advocated. References.

Hypertension is another name for high blood pressure. It can lead to severe health complications and increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and sometimes death.is the force that a person’s blood exerts against the walls of their blood vessels. This pressure depends on the resistance of the blood vessels and how hard the heart has to work.Almost in the United States have, but many are not aware of this fact.Hypertension is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including,. Keeping blood pressure under control is vital for preserving health and reducing the risk of these dangerous conditions.In this article, we explain why blood pressure can increase, how to monitor it, and ways to keep it within a normal range. People can prevent high blood pressure by following a heart-healthy diet.

Reducing salt intakePeople’s average salt intake is between 9 grams (g) and 12 g per day in most countries around the world.The World Health Organization (WHO) recommend reducing intake to a day to help decrease the risk of hypertension and related health problems.Lowering salt intake can benefit people both with and without hypertension. Moderating alcohol consumptionModerate to excessive alcohol consumption can increase blood pressure.The American Heart Association (AHA) recommend a day for men, and one for women.The following would count as one drink:. a 12-ounce (oz) bottle of beer. 4 oz of wine. 1.5 oz of 80-proof spirits. 1 oz of 100-proof spiritsA healthcare provider can help people reduce consumption if they find it difficult to moderate their alcohol intake. Stress can increase the risk of high blood pressure.The cause of hypertension is often not known.

Most people experience no symptoms from hypertension and may not be aware they have it.A person with hypertension may not notice any symptoms, and so people often call it Without detection, hypertension can damage the heart, blood vessels, and other organs, such as the kidneys.It is vital to check blood pressure regularly.In rare and severe cases, high blood pressure causes sweating, sleeping problems, and blushing. However, most people with hypertension will experience.If high blood pressure becomes a hypertensive crisis, a person may experience and nosebleeds.

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ComplicationsLong term hypertension can cause complications through where plaque develops on the walls of blood vessels, causing them to narrow.This narrowing makes hypertension worse, as the heart must pump harder to circulate the blood.Hypertension-related atherosclerosis can lead to:. heart failure and heart attacks.

aneurysm, or abnormal bulge in the wall of an artery that can burst. kidney failure.

stroke. amputation. hypertensive retinopathies in the eye, which can lead to blindnessRegular blood pressure monitoring can help people avoid these more severe complications.

A sphygmomanometer, or blood pressure monitor, can help people keep track of their blood pressure.A doctor’s visit is not always necessary for blood pressure monitoring.Having high blood pressure for a short time can be a normal response to many situations. Acute stress and intense exercise, for example, can briefly elevate blood pressure in an otherwise healthy person.For this reason, a diagnosis of hypertension requires several readings that show sustained high blood pressure over time.The AHA in November 2017 that define hypertension as blood pressure that is consistently (mmHg).The systolic reading of 130 mmHg refers to the pressure as the heart pumps blood around the body.